Overseas Operation types
The current Defence Forces Overseas commitments are:
- UN led Operations
- EU led Operations
- NATO-PfP led Operations
- OSCE led Operations
- Humanitarian Assistance
UN led Operations
The Defence Forces made its first contribution to peacekeeping in 1958 when some fifty officers were assigned to the United Nations Observer Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) as observers along the Armistice Demarcation Line (ADL) between Lebanon and Israel. When their mission with UNOGIL was finished some transferred to the UN Truce Supervision Organisation (UNTSO), an organisation which had been established in 1948.
The first peacekeeping mission to which an armed Irish contingent was committed was to the Operation des Nations Unies au Congo (ONUC), from 1960 to 1964. An Irish officer, Lt Gen S McKeown, was Force Commander of ONUC from Jan 1961 to Mar 1962 and over 6,000 Irishmen served on this mission with a loss of 26 lives. Peacekeeping Operations are manned by armed contingents from member states placed under the command of the United Nations.
Since then the Defence Forces have continuously provided an armed contingent to the UN, except during the period May 1974 to May 1978. These contingents were normally an infantry battalion of approximately 600 personnel or an infantry group of over 400 personnel.
An infantry group served with the United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) from 1964 to 1973. Since then Ireland has provided officers and NCOs to the staff of UNFICYP until its commitment ceased in 2005.
In October 1973 the infantry group in Cyprus was moved to the Second United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF II) in the Sinai to supervise the cease-fire between Israel and Egypt after the Yom Kippur War. Irish troops were withdrawn from UNEF II in July 1974 in the aftermath of the bombings in Dublin and Monaghan.
Ireland next committed troops to a peacekeeping force on the activation of UNIFIL, in 1978. Since then over 30,000 personnel have served in Lebanon.
Contingents in peacekeeping operations are generally infantry units, lightly armed for their own defence only. The UN Mandate establishing a Peacekeeping Force makes provision for the use of arms for self defence. The terms of reference for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) mandate, for example, state that self defence includes action against attempts, by forceful means, to prevent UNIFIL from discharging its duties under the Mandate.
On 15 October 1998, Ireland signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the United Nations, which commits the Defence Forces to participation in the United Nations Standby Arrangements System (UNSAS). By subscribing to UNSAS, Ireland offers to provide up to 850 Defence Forces’ personnel for UN peacekeeping operations at any given time.
European Union led Operations
In the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, the Member States of the European Union undertook to enhance co-operation on international affairs through a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The Treaty of Amsterdam further developed the CFSP and the Treaty on European Union now reflects the Petersberg tasks:
- Humanitarian and rescue tasks
- Peacekeeping tasks.
- Tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking.
At the Helsinki European Council of December 1999 it was agreed to develop the capability to conduct these tasks and Member States set themselves the Headline Goal:
“By 2003, to deploy rapidly within 60 days and sustain for up to one year, a military force of up to 60,000 persons capable of the full range of Petersberg tasks.”
In early December 2004, the EU embarked on its largest ESDP crisis management operation to date - Operation Althea. The operation is a follow-on mission to the NATO led UN-mandated SFOR mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Defence Forces’ initial SFOR deployment involved a military police unit. The military police were withdrawn from SFOR in January 2003 but 12 members of the Defence Forces continued to serve at SFOR headquarters in Sarajevo.
These personnel transferred to EUFOR headquarters when the mission was handed over to EUFOR.
NATO-PfP led Operations
Ireland joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme in December 1999 and in 2001 joined the PfP Planning and Review Process (PARP). Initial Partnership Goals were agreed, chosen with a view to enhancing interoperability for NATO-PfP led peace support operations.
OSCE led Operations
Ireland is a signatory to the Helsinki Final Act and contributes personnel to OSCE operations.
These international commitments underscore the capacity and readiness of the Defence Forces to participate in multinational peacekeeping operations with countries with which we share a peacekeeping tradition, and ensure that Ireland is in a position to continue to make an important contribution in the field of peace support operations.
The effectiveness of the Defence Forces in relation to this strategic goal may be assessed by progress in the following areas:
- Contribution to the development of UN Peacekeeping Policy and ESDP
- Operations
Humanitarian Assistance
Traditionally our troops serving overseas have provided humanitarian assistance to the local populations. This includes:
- Provision of medical and dental care.
- Restoration and repair of essential services.
- Rebuilding and repair of local churches, mosques, schools, etc
- Assistance to local enterprises.
The Defence Forces have also provided officers on secondment to the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in the Middle East and recently to Goal, Concern and the ICRC in Somalia, Sudan and Angola.
| Mission | Duration | Total Irish commitment |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Irish Rwandan Support Group (IRSG) | August - December 1994 | 39 |
| Irish Refugee Agency Macedonia | May - June 1999 | |
| 2nd Irish Rwandan Support Group (IRSG) | January - February 2000 | 21 |
| 3rd Irish Rwandan Support Group (IRSG) | January - February 2001 | 15 |
| UNJCC in Sri Lanka (Post Tsunami) | January - March 2005 | 4 |
